邢唷> ')&欹@ bjbj頕頕 .,,6666666Jrrrr J < > > > > > > $s R Zb 6b 66w :66< < 66 燯醕8r  0 JJ66666!r\b b JJN$rJJNHarnessing low-enthalpy heat in New Zealand A. G. Reyes Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences 1 Fairway Drive, Lower Hutt, New Zealand New Zealand has a wide variety of sources for low-enthalpy heat for power generation and direct utilization of heat. These are (1) hot spring systems with discharge temperatures <90oC in the North and South Islands, (2) edges or boundaries of high-enthalpy geothermal systems, (3) waste water from high enthalpy producing geothermal fields, (4) 29o to 160oC waters at >0.9 km depth in abandoned hydrocarbon wells, (5) abandoned coal mines and (6) natural heat flow from about 15 m below the surface to deeper levels. A conservative estimate of the annual extractable energy from all the low-enthalpy sources in the country is 55.7 PJ. Of these only 10% is being exploited at present, amounting to 308 MWt. New Zealand has 18 hydrocarbon basins within its 4 million sq km EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone). Of these only the Taranaki basin produces gas and oil from offshore and onshore wells. There are nearly 100 abandoned onshore hydrocarbon wells in Taranaki and 6 other sedimentary basins that can potentially provide low-enthalpy heat estimated to be at least 0.12 PJ (assuming 100 wells at a temperature of 120oC and a capacity factor of 0.15). Apart from heat, methane from several wells can also be harnessed for power generation. At present only one abandoned hydrocarbon well, located in the Taranaki basin, is being used for its low-enthalpy heat. Warm bicarbonate water (29oC) from the 910 m deep Bonithon- 1 is heated up to 33-38oC by gas and fed into the therapy and private pools of a commercial spa enterprise. The bore water is also bottled and sold as therapeutic mineral water.    E F   , / 0 F L M Q c 遐夏寄寄穿潻缉缉晫剷﹟﹖紅┘﹖紅蟟h鍭 h)CJaJh苚WCJaJhCJaJhVCJaJh~%CJH*aJh~%CJaJh鍭 h鍭 CJH*aJh鍭 h鍭 CJaJh穜CJaJhvXCJaJh鍭 hCJaJh鍭 h9CJaJh鍭 h緐CJaJh鍭 hYCJaJhWSCJaJh藃CJaJ',-9fR S d e $a$gdvX$a$gdY s w c d } 013:@ABGd蹶蹶咦献献淖淖蛔铣撰撰撰爺珘撰€玿ph~%CJaJh! CJaJhcCJH*aJhchCJaJhchcCJH*aJhchcCJaJhcCJaJh緐CJaJhCJH*aJh鍭 h緐CJaJhY7CJaJhCJaJh鍭 h鈗:CJaJh鍭 h9CJaJh鍭 hWCJaJ,hhCJaJhfCJaJ,1恏皞. 捌A!"#悹$悹%澳澳 惸@@@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DAD Default Paragraph FontViV  Table Normal :V 44 la (k(No List ,-9fRSde0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€0€€x0€€x0€€x0€€0€€ 0€    8@€€€饞0(  養 S  ?   0  L0  /  t 糘 踢  瑲  dO 剈 膗 v ff}}SS  ++uu^^ V *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€place€http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/B *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€country-region€; *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€address€:*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€Street€8*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€City€    }',MP,,sw cz}',鷐5c鍭 ! 組vX鈗:錢T苚WhQjK {XVWSW~%穜f緐藃Y)Y79Rmaa@€,,@M&!,,P@UnknownG噝 €Times New Roman5€Symbol3& 噝 €Arial"q鹦h1蘑9蘑  i5亖r4d2僎H)?緐~New Zealand has There are more than a hundred abandoned hydrocarbon wells in the in New Zealand that can be harnessed for low- Agnes G REYES Agnes G REYES鄥燆鵒h珣+'迟0 ,DP\p    New Zealand has There are more than a hundred abandoned hydrocarbon wells in the in New Zealand that can be harnessed for low-ew Agnes G REYESs gnegne Normal.dotEAgnes G REYESs 3neMicrosoft Word 10.0@ @^>8@\8胀諟.摋+,0 hp  o+Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences : New Zealand has There are more than a hundred abandoned hydrocarbon wells in the in New Zealand that can be harnessed for low- Title  !"#$%(Root Entry F€騝8*€1TableWordDocument.SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89瞦